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theory of evidence

Толкование Перевод

1 theory of evidence

теория доказательств

English-Russian electronics dictionary > theory of evidence
2 Dempster- Shafer theory of evidence

Dempster-Shafer's bewijsvoeringstheorie

English-Dutch technical dictionary > Dempster- Shafer theory of evidence
3 theory

теория

- theory of agents
- theory of algorithms
- theory of central manifolds
- theory of diffraction
- theory of errors
- theory of evidence
- theory of magnetism
- theory of oscillations
- theory of relativity
- theory of reliability
- theory of vibrations
- theory of waveguides
- Abbe resolution theory
- Abrikosov-Gor'kov-Khalatnikov theory
- adaptive resonance theory
- AGK-theory
- analog adaptive resonance theory
- automata theory
- automatic control theory
- Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory
- BCS theory
- big bang theory
- binary adaptive resonance theory
- bubble stability theory
- catastrophe theory
- category theory
- Cayley theory
- circuit theory
- classical field theory
- coding theory
- cognitive theory
- cohort theory
- communication theory
- complexity theory
- consensus theory
- decision theory
- descriptive theory
- diffraction theory
- domain theory
- domain-wall motion theory
- domino theory
- elasticity theory
- electromagnetic theory
- energy-band theory
- evolutionary theory
- field theory
- fluid theory
- fuzzy adaptive resonance theory
- fuzzy-set theory
- game theory
- general theory of relativity
- geometrical theory of diffraction

- Ginzburg-Landau theory
- graph theory
- group theory
- hydrodynamical theory
- information theory
- Kramers' theory
- large-signal theory
- learning theory
- logic theory
- mapping theory
- Mattis-Bardeen theory
- Maxwell's theory
- MB theory
- meta-theory
- microscopic theory
- microwave theory
- multi-attribute utility theory

- network theory
- neural net theory
- normative theory
- number theory
- one-fluid plasma theory
- organization theory
- Paley-Wiener theory
- perturbation theory
- phenomenological theory
- physical theory of diffraction

- Pippard theory
- Pippard nonlocal theory
- possibility theory
- potential theory
- prescriptive theory
- probability theory
- quantum theory
- quantum theory of radiation
- quantum field theory
- quantum light theory
- queuing theory
- radio-wave propagation theory
- rational choice theory
- reliability theory
- Ridley-Watkins-Hilsum theory
- RWH theory
- sampling theory
- scheduling theory
- self-consistent field theory
- semiconductor theory
- set theory
- signal-detection theory

- simulation theory
- situational theory
- small-signal theory
- solid-state theory
- special theory of relativity
- spectral theory
- spectral theory of diffraction
- spin-fluctuation theory
- stability theory
- statistical communication theory
- steady state theory
- stochastic approximation theory
- string theory
- superconductivity theory
- superstring theory
- supersymmetric theory
- switching theory
- system theory
- transmission-line theory
- two-fluid plasma theory
- unified field theory
- uniform theory
- uniform theory of diffraction
- utility theory
- Whitham theory
- Zermelo set theory

English-Russian electronics dictionary > theory
4 evidence

ˈevɪdəns
1. сущ.
1) ясность, наглядность, очевидность Evidence cannot be hidden. ≈ Очевидность нельзя спрятать. in evidence Syn: clearness, evidentness
2) основание;
знак, признак, симптом;
факты, данные on this evidence ≈ в свете этого, на основании этого from all evidence ≈ на основании всех фактов scrap, shred of evidence ≈ минимальные признаки body of evidence ≈ корпус данных bulk of evidence ≈ основные факты Syn: indication, sign
1., token
1., trace
1.
3) доказательство, подтверждение;
свидетельство The plain evidence of facts is superior to all declarations. ≈ Простое доказательство фактов выше всяких заявлений. Syn: testimony, proof
1.
4) юр. улика;
свидетельское показание in evidence ≈ принятый в качестве доказательства evidence against ≈ свидетельство против to call in evidence ≈ вызывать в суд для дачи показаний to gather evidence, to piece together evidence ≈ собирать улики to suppress evidence, withhold evidence ≈ утаивать улики to bear evidence, furnish evidence, give evidence, introduce evidence, produce evidence, provide evidence ≈ свидетельствовать, давать свидетельские показания circumstantial evidence ≈ косвенные доказательства или улики piece of evidence ≈ улика admissible evidence ample evidence cogent evidence compelling evidence convincing evidence conclusive evidence concrete evidence cumulative evidence direct evidence documentary evidence hard evidence hearsay evidence inadmissible evidence indisputable evidence irrefutable evidence undeniable evidence unquestionable evidence - material evidence prima facie evidence reliable evidence trustworthy evidence satisfactory evidence strong evidence substantial evidence telltale evidence Syn: testimony
2. гл.
1) служить доказательством;
показывать, демонстрировать His behaviour abundantly evidences it. ≈ Его поведение явно свидетельствует об этом. Syn: demonstrate, prove
2) удостоверять, свидетельствовать;
подтверждать I invoke Heaven and men to evidence my truth. ≈ Я призываю Бога и людей засвидетельствовать, что я говорю правду. Syn: attest
3) юр. давать показания, выступать свидетелем основание;
данные, факт(ы), признак(и) ;
свидетельства - archaeological * археологические свидетельства /находки/ - climatological * климатологические данные - historical * исторические факты /свидетельства/ - there is little * that... мало оснований думать, что...;
не заметно, чтобы..., нет никаких признаков того, чтобы... - there is some * of recovery есть некоторые признаки улучшения - speculation from * предположения на основании имеющихся фактов - * in favour of a theory данные, говорящие в пользу теории - despite * to the contrary несмотря на факты, свидетельствующие об обратном доказательство, свидетельство - to bear /to give/ * of свидетельствовать о, подтверждать, показывать - let's have an * of good faith нам нужны доказательства (вашей) добросовестности - to adduce * in support of... приводить доказательства в поддержку... очевидность, явность - in * наличный, присутствующий;
заметный - to be in * иметь место;
присутствовать - he was not in * его нигде не было видно - to be very much in * иметь распространение, быть обычным явлением;
быть постоянно на виду;
быть заметным;
мозолить глаза (юридическое) доказательство;
улика - circumstantial /indirect/ * косвенные улики;
косвенное доказательство - collateral * косвенная улика - conclusive * неоспоримое доказательство - documentary * письменное доказательство - oral and written * устные и письменные доказательства - cumulative * совокупность улик - in * принятый в качестве доказательства - law of * доказательственное право показание свидетеля или обвиняемого - parole * устное показание - hearsay * показания с чужих слов - to call in * вызывать в качестве свидетеля - to give * давать( свидетельское) показание - to take the * of smb. допрашивать кого-л. и протоколировать /фиксировать/ его показания свидетель - King's /Queen's, амер. State's/ * сообвиняемый, изобличающий своих сообщников (с целью самому избежать наказания) ;
показание такого сообвиняемого - to turn King's /Queen's, State's/ * изобличать своих сообщников (с целью самому избежать наказания) (юридическое) документ, которым подтверждается какое-л. право свидетельствовать, показывать - to * one's appreciation выказать удовлетворение, засвидетельствовать свое одобрение - expressions evidencing an intention выражения, свидетельствующие о каком-л. намерении - his pleasure was *d by his smile улыбка показала, что он доволен - their impatience was *d in loud interruptions их раздражение проявлялось в громких репликах служить доказательством, подтверждать - documents evidencing shipment документы, подтверждающие отгрузку ( юридическое) давать показания - her friend *d against her ее подруга показала против нее( юридическое) доказывать;
служить доказательством additional ~ новые свидетельские показания audit ~ материалы ревизии bear ~ давать показания ~ юр. улика;
свидетельское показание;
piece of evidence улика;
cumulative evidence совокупность улик;
to call in evidence вызывать (в суд) для дачи показаний contrary ~ противоположное свидетельство ~ юр. улика;
свидетельское показание;
piece of evidence улика;
cumulative evidence совокупность улик;
to call in evidence вызывать (в суд) для дачи показаний cumulative ~ совокупность доказательств demonstrative ~ вещественное доказательство direct ~ прямая улика direct ~ прямое свидетельское показание documentary ~ документальное доказательство evidence давать показания ~ данные ~ доказательство ~ основание;
данные, признаки;
to give (или to bear) evidence свидетельствовать ~ основание ~ очевидность;
in evidence заметный, бросающийся в глаза ~ подтверждать ~ показание обвиняемого ~ показание свидетеля ~ свидетель ~ свидетельство ~ свидетельствовать ~ служить доказательством, подтверждать ~ служить доказательством, доказывать ~ служить доказательством ~ средство доказывания, доказательство ~ юр. улика;
свидетельское показание;
piece of evidence улика;
cumulative evidence совокупность улик;
to call in evidence вызывать (в суд) для дачи показаний ~ улика, свидетельсткое показание ~ улика ~ факты to turn King's (или Queen's амер. State's) ~ выдать сообщников и стать свидетелем обвинения ~ by party свидетельство одной из сторон ~ in court свидетель в суде ~ of easement свидетельство о сервитуте external ~ доказательство, лежащее вне документа on this ~ в свете этого;
from all evidence, there is ample evidence that все говорит за то, что ~ основание;
данные, признаки;
to give (или to bear) evidence свидетельствовать give ~ давать свидетельские показания give ~ доказывать give ~ представлять доказательства give ~ свидетельствовать give ~ служить доказательством give untruthful ~ давать ложные показания hear ~ юр. заслушивать свидетельские показания hearsay ~ юр. доказательства, основанные на слухах hearsay ~ юр. показания с чужих слов hearsay: ~ attr. основанный на слухах;
hearsay evidence юр. доказательства, основанные на слухах ~ очевидность;
in evidence заметный, бросающийся в глаза in ~ принятый в качестве доказательства indirect ~ косвенная улика judicial ~ судебная улика legal ~ доказательства, принимаемые судом material ~ вещественное доказательство objective ~ объективное доказательство on this ~ в свете этого;
from all evidence, there is ample evidence that все говорит за то, что opinion ~ предполагаемое доказательство oral ~ устные свидетельские показания panel ~ показания экспертов parol ~ устные свидетельские показания paternity ~ доказательство отцовства physical ~ вещественное доказательство ~ юр. улика;
свидетельское показание;
piece of evidence улика;
cumulative evidence совокупность улик;
to call in evidence вызывать (в суд) для дачи показаний piece: ~ of evidence улика presumptive ~ косвенное доказательство presumptive ~ опровержимое доказательство presumptive ~ показания, основанные на догадках presumptive ~ факты, создающие презумпцию доказательства presumptive: presumptive предполагаемый;
предположительный;
presumptive evidence показания, основанные на догадках prima facie ~ доказательство, достаточное при отсутствии опровержения prima facie ~ презумпция доказательства;
доказательство, достаточное при отсутствии опровержения prima facie ~ презумпция доказательства primary ~ наилучшее доказательство primary ~ первичное доказательство primary ~ подлинное доказательство probable ~ косвенное доказательство probable ~ опровержимое доказательство probable ~ факты, создающие презумпцию доказательства produce ~ предъявлять доказательства produce ~ предъявлять улики Queen's ~ обвиняемый, изобличающий своих сообщников real ~ вещественные доказательства rebutting ~ контрдоказательство rebutting ~ опровергающее доказательство rebutting ~ опровергающие доказательства, контрдоказательства second-hand ~ неподлинное доказательство second-hand ~ производное доказательство secondary ~ неполное доказательство secondary ~ производное доказательство supporting ~ подтверждающая улика take ~ выслушивать свидетельские показания take ~ допрашивать и протоколировать показания take ~ принимать доказательства take ~ снимать свидетельские показания on this ~ в свете этого;
from all evidence, there is ample evidence that все говорит за то, что to turn King's (или Queen's амер. State's) ~ выдать сообщников и стать свидетелем обвинения uncorroborated ~ неподтвержденное свидетельство unimpeachable ~ бесспорное доказательство

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > evidence
5 evidence

noun

1) Beweis, der

be evidence of something — etwas beweisen

provide evidence of something — den Beweis od. Beweise für etwas liefern

there was no evidence of a fight — nichts deutete auf einen Kampf hin

2) (Law) Beweismaterial, das; (testimony) [Zeugen]aussage, die

give evidence — [als Zeuge] aussagen

piece of evidence — Beweisstück, das; (statement) Beweis, der

3)

be [much] in evidence — [stark] in Erscheinung treten

he was nowhere in evidence — er war nirgends zu sehen

something is very much in evidence — überall sieht man etwas

* * *
['evidəns]
noun

1) (information etc that gives reason for believing something; proof (eg in a law case): Have you enough evidence (of his guilt) to arrest him?) der Beweis, die Beweismittel

2) ((an) indication; a sign: Her bag on the table was the only evidence of her presence.) das Anzeichen

* * *

evi·dence

[ˈevɪd^ən(t)s]

I. n no pl

1. (proof) Beweis[e] m[pl]

where is your \evidence? kannst du das beweisen?

is there any scientific \evidence that...? lässt es sich irgendwie wissenschaftlich beweisen, dass...?

there is growing \evidence that... es gibt zunehmend Anhaltspunkte dafür, dass...

to believe the \evidence of one's eyes seinen eigenen Augen trauen

all the \evidence alle Anhaltspunkte

documentary \evidence dokumentarische Beweise

to have documentary \evidence of sth stichfeste Belege für etw akk haben

further \evidence weitere Anhaltspunkte

▪ on the \evidence of sth BRIT aufgrund einer S. gen

on the \evidence of recent developments BRIT in Anbetracht der jüngsten Entwicklungen

on the \evidence of their past encounters im Hinblick auf ihre letzten Begegnungen

2. LAW Beweisstück nt

Queen's/King's \evidence BRIT Aussage f eines Kronzeugen [o Belastungszeugen]

to give Queen's \evidence against sb als Kronzeuge gegen jdn aussagen

to turn Queen's/King's \evidence BRIT als Kronzeuge auftreten

State's \evidence AM Aussage f eines Staatszeugen [o Belastungszeugen]

to give State's \evidence against sb als Staatszeuge gegen jdn aussagen

to turn State's \evidence als Staatszeuge aussagen

rule of \evidence Beweisregeln pl

circumstantial \evidence Indizienbeweis m

convincing \evidence überzeugende Beweise

direct \evidence unmittelbarer Beweis

documentary \evidence urkundliche Beweise

forensic \evidence gerichtlicher Beweis

fresh \evidence neues Beweismaterial

insufficient \evidence unzureichende Beweise

oral \evidence mündliche Aussage

written \evidence schriftliches Beweismaterial

to find no \evidence of sth keinen Anhaltspunkt für etw akk haben

to give \evidence [against sb] [gegen jdn] aussagen

to give \evidence in sb's favour zu Gunsten von jdm aussagen

to give \evidence [on sth] [über etw akk] aussagen

to plant \evidence Beweismaterial unterschieben

3. (be present) Offenkundigkeit f

few police were in \evidence outside the courtroom außerhalb des Gerichtssaals war nur ein geringes Polizeiaufgebot zu erkennen

▪ to be [much] in \evidence [deutlich] sichtbar sein

II. vt

to \evidence interest in sth Interesse an etw dat zeigen

▪ to be \evidenced by sth esp AM (show, prove) sich akk in etw dat ausdrücken

as \evidenced by sth LAW wie durch etw akk nachgewiesen, wie etw zeigt

* * *
['evɪdəns]
1. n

1) Beweis m, Beweise pl

show me your evidence — welche Beweise haben Sie?

what evidence is there to support this theory? —

according to the evidence of our senses — nach dem, was wir mit unseren Sinnen erkennen können

there is no evidence of... — es deutet nichts auf... hin

there is no evidence that... — es deutet nichts darauf hin, dass...

these marks are evidence of life on Mars — diese Spuren sind Beweis or ein Zeichen nt

a scratch was the only evidence of the fight the car bore evidence of having been in an accident — ein Kratzer war der einzige Beweis für den Kampf das Auto trug deutliche Spuren eines Unfalls

2) (JUR) Beweismaterial nt; (object, dagger etc) Beweisstück nt; (= testimony) Aussage f

the lawyers are still collecting evidence — die Anwälte holen immer noch Beweise ein

we haven't got any evidence — wir haben keinerlei Beweise

there wasn't enough evidence — die Beweise or Indizien reichten nicht aus

for lack of evidence — aus Mangel an Beweisen, mangels Beweisen (form)

on the evidence available... — aufgrund or auf Grund des vorhandenen Beweismaterials...

not admissible as evidence — als Beweismittel nicht zulässig

all the evidence was against him — alles sprach or die Tatsachen sprachen gegen ihn

to give evidence (for/against sb) — (für/gegen jdn) aussagen

/prosecution — für die Verteidigung/die Anklage aussagen

See:

→ queen's evidence, state's evidence

3)

to be in evidence — sichtbar sein

poverty was still ( very) much in evidence — es gab immer noch sichtlich viel Armut

his father was nowhere in evidence —

she likes to be very much in evidence — sie hat es gern, gesehen und beachtet zu werden

a statesman very much in evidence at the moment — ein Staatsmann, der zur Zeit stark beachtet wird

2. vt
zeugen von
* * *

evidence [ˈevıdəns]

A s

1. Augenscheinlichkeit f, Klarheit f, Offenkundigkeit f:

be (much) in evidence (deutlich) sichtbar oder feststellbar sein, (stark) in Erscheinung treten

2. JUR

a) Beweis(mittel) m(n), -stück n, -material n, Beweise pl:

a piece of evidence ein Beweisstück;

evidence for the prosecution Belastungsmaterial;

evidence of ownership Eigentumsnachweis m;

for lack of evidence mangels Beweises oder Beweisen;

in evidence of zum Beweis (gen);

on the evidence aufgrund des Beweismaterials;

admit in evidence als Beweis zulassen;

furnish evidence of Beweise liefern oder erbringen für;

have you any evidence for this statement? können Sie diese Behauptung beweisen?;

offer in evidence als Beweis vorlegen;

offer in evidence Beweisantritt m

b) (Zeugen)Aussage f, Zeugnis n, Bekundung f:

(testimonial) evidence Zeugenbeweis m;

medical evidence Aussage f oder Gutachten n des medizinischen Sachverständigen;

give evidence (als Zeuge) aussagen, eine Aussage machen ( beide:

for für;

against gegen);

give evidence of aussagen über (akk), fig zeugen von;

refuse to give evidence die Aussage verweigern;

refusal to give evidence Aussageverweigerung f;

hear evidence Zeugen vernehmen;

take sb’s evidence jemanden (als Zeugen) vernehmen;

hearing ( oder taking) of evidence Beweisaufnahme f;

evidence ( taken oder heard) Ergebnis n der Beweisaufnahme

c) Zeuge m, Zeugin f:

call sb in evidence jemanden als Zeugen benennen;

turn King’s ( oder Queen’s, US State’s) evidence als Kronzeuge auftreten ( against gegen); → academic.ru/5992/bear">bear¹ A 16

3. (An)Zeichen n, Spur f ( beide:

of von oder gen):

there is no evidence es ist nicht ersichtlich oder feststellbar, nichts deutet darauf hin

B v/t dartun, be-, nachweisen, zeigen, zeugen von

* * *

noun

1) Beweis, der

be evidence of something — etwas beweisen

provide evidence of something — den Beweis od. Beweise für etwas liefern

there was no evidence of a fight — nichts deutete auf einen Kampf hin

2) (Law) Beweismaterial, das; (testimony) [Zeugen]aussage, die

give evidence — [als Zeuge] aussagen

piece of evidence — Beweisstück, das; (statement) Beweis, der

3)

be [much] in evidence — [stark] in Erscheinung treten

he was nowhere in evidence — er war nirgends zu sehen

something is very much in evidence — überall sieht man etwas

* * *

n.

Anzeichen n.

Hinweis -e m.

English-german dictionary > evidence
6 evidence

1. [ʹevıd(ə)ns] n
1. 1) основание; данные, факт(ы), признак(и); свидетельства

archaeological evidence - археологические свидетельства /находки/

climatological evidence - климатологические данные

historical evidence - исторические факты /свидетельства/

there is little evidence that... - а) мало оснований думать, что...; б) не заметно, чтобы..., нет никаких признаков того, чтобы...

there is some evidence of recovery - есть некоторые признаки улучшения

speculation from evidence - предположения на основании имеющихся фактов

evidence in favour of a theory - данные, говорящие в пользу теории

despite evidence to the contrary - несмотря на факты, свидетельствующие об обратном

2) доказательство, свидетельство

to bear /to give/ evidence of - свидетельствовать о, подтверждать, показывать

let's have an evidence of good faith - нам нужны доказательства (вашей) добросовестности

to adduce evidence in support of... - приводить доказательства в поддержку...

2. очевидность, явность

in evidence - а) наличный, присутствующий; б) заметный; [см. тж. 3, 1)]

to be in evidence - а) иметь место; б) присутствовать

he was not in evidence - его нигде не было видно

to be very much in evidence - а) иметь распространение, быть обычным явлением; б) быть постоянно на виду; быть заметным; ≅ мозолить глаза

3. юр.

1) доказательство; улика

circumstantial /indirect/ evidence - косвенные улики; косвенное доказательство

collateral evidence - косвенная улика

conclusive evidence - неоспоримое доказательство

documentary evidence - письменное доказательство

oral and written evidence - устные и письменные доказательства

cumulative evidence - совокупность улик

in evidence - принятый в качестве доказательства [см. тж. 2]

law of evidence - доказательственное право

2) показание свидетеля или обвиняемого

parole evidence - устное показание

hearsay evidence - показания с чужих слов

to call in evidence - вызывать в качестве свидетеля

to give evidence - давать (свидетельское) показание

to take the evidence of smb. - допрашивать кого-л. и протоколировать /фиксировать/ его показания

3) свидетель

King's /Queen's, амер. State's/ evidence - а) сообвиняемый, изобличающий своих сообщников ( с целью самому избежать наказания); б) показание такого сообвиняемого

to turn King's /Queen's, State's/ evidence - изобличать своих сообщников ( с целью самому избежать наказания)

4. юр. документ, которым подтверждается какое-л. право
2. [ʹevıd(ə)ns] v
1. свидетельствовать, показывать

to evidence one's appreciation - выказать удовлетворение, засвидетельствовать своё одобрение

expressions evidencing an intention - выражения, свидетельствующие о каком-л. намерении

his pleasure was evidenced by his smile - улыбка показала, что он доволен

their impatience was evidenced in loud interruptions - их раздражение проявлялось в громких репликах

2. служить доказательством, подтверждать

documents evidencing shipment - документы, подтверждающие отгрузку

3. юр.

1) давать показания

her friend evidenced against her - её подруга показала против неё

2) доказывать; служить доказательством

НБАРС > evidence
7 theory

теория

- algebraic coding theory

- coding theory

- complexity theory

- cryptographic theory

- evidence theory

- Galois field theory

- group theory

- number theory

- preference theory

- probability theory

- Shannon's theory of secrecy

- Simmons' theory of authenticity

- statistical estimation theory

Англо-русский словарь по компьютерной безопасности > theory
8 evidence **** evi·dence n inv

['ɛvɪdəns]
(proof) prova, (testimony) testimonianza, (sign) indizio, traccia

there is no evidence to support this theory — non c'è prova a sostegno di questa teoria

to show evidence of — mostrare segni di, dare segni di

evidence of a break-in — tracce di scasso

to give evidence — testimoniare, deporre

his cousin gave evidence against him — suo cugino ha deposto contro di lui

to turn King's or Queen's or (Am) State's evidence — testimoniare contro i propri complici

to be in evidence — essere visibile or in vista

she was nowhere in evidence — non la si vedeva da nessuna parte

English-Italian dictionary > evidence **** evi·dence n inv
9 evidence in favour of a theory

Макаров: данные, говорящие в пользу теории

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > evidence in favour of a theory
10 evidence in favour of theory

Макаров: данные, говорящие в пользу теории

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > evidence in favour of theory
11 evidence theory

теория доказательности

Англо-русский словарь по компьютерной безопасности > evidence theory
12 to produce evidence in support of this theory we should ...

• чтобы привести доказательства в поддержку данной теории, нам следует...

English-Russian dictionary of phrases and cliches for a specialist researcher > to produce evidence in support of this theory we should ...
13 support

sə'po:t
1. verb
1) (to bear the weight of, or hold upright, in place etc: That chair won't support him / his weight; He limped home, supported by a friend on either side of him.) aguantar, sostener

2) (to give help, or approval to: He has always supported our cause; His family supported him in his decision.) apoyar, secundar, respaldar

3) (to provide evidence for the truth of: New discoveries have been made that support his theory; The second witness supported the statement of the first one.) corroborar, confirmar

4) (to supply with the means of living: He has a wife and four children to support.) mantener

2. noun
1) (the act of supporting or state of being supported: That type of shoe doesn't give the foot much support; The plan was cancelled because of lack of support; Her job is the family's only means of support; I would like to say a word or two in support of his proposal.) apoyo, soporte

2) (something that supports: One of the supports of the bridge collapsed.) soporte

•

- supporter
- supporting

support¹ n

1. apoyo

I couldn't have done it without your support no lo habría podido hacer sin tu apoyo

2. soporte

the roof is held up by a central support un soporte central aguanta el techo

support² vb

1. sostener

five stone pillars support the bridge cinco pilares de piedra sostienen el puente

2. mantener

he is the only one with a job and he supports the whole family es el único que trabaja y mantiene a toda la familia

3. apoyar

I'll support the proposal apoyaré la propuesta

4. ser de

which team do you support? ¿de qué equipo eres?

support

tr[sə'pɔːt]

noun

1 (physical - gen) apoyo, sostén nombre masculino; (- thing worn on body) protector nombre masculino

2 (of building) soporte nombre masculino, puntal nombre masculino

3 (moral) apoyo, respaldo

■ you have our full support cuentas con nuestro total apoyo

■ he was a great support to me when my father died me apoyó mucho cuando se murió mi padre

4 (financial) ayuda económica, apoyo económico; (sustenance) sustento; (person) sostén nombre masculino

■ the scheme is run without government support el proyecto funciona sin ninguna ayuda gubernamental

■ he had no means of support no tenía ninguna fuente de ingresos

5 (supporters) afición nombre femenino

6 (evidence) pruebas nombre femenino plural

transitive verb

1 (roof, bridge, etc) sostener; (weight) aguantar, resistir; (part of body) sujetar

■ I don't think that shelf can support so many books no creo que esa estantería aguante tantos libros

2 (back, encourage) apoyar, respaldar, ayudar; (cause, motion, proposal) apoyar, estar de acuerdo con

■ my parents have always supported me in everything I've done mis padres siempre me han apoyado en todo lo que he hecho

3 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (follow) seguir; (encourage) animar

■ which team do you support? ¿de qué equipo eres?

4 (keep, sustain) mantener, sustentar, sostener; (feed) alimentar

5 (corroborate, substantiate) confirmar, respaldar, apoyar, respaldar

6 formal use (endure) soportar, tolerar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

in support (in reserve) de apoyo

in support of somebody/something en apoyo de alguien/algo, a favor de alguien/algo

to drum up support for somebody/something conseguir apoyo para alguien/algo

to support oneself ganarse la vida

support group (offering help) grupo de apoyo 2 (musicians) grupo telonero

support [sə'port] vt

1) back: apoyar, respaldar

2) maintain: mantener, sostener, sustentar

3) prop up: sostener, apoyar, apuntalar, soportar

support n

1) : apoyo m (moral), ayuda f (económica)

2) prop: soporte m, apoyo m

support

n.

• apoyo s.m.

• arrimadero s.m.

• arrimo s.m.

• ayuda s.f.

• báculo s.m.

• encomienda s.f.

• entibo s.m.

• muleta s.f.

• puntal s.m.

• pábulo s.m.

• respaldo s.m.

• soporte s.m.

• sostenimiento s.m.

• sostén s.m.

• suspensorio s.m.

• sustento s.m.

• sustentáculo s.m.

v.

• afianzar v.

• apadrinar v.

• apoyar v.

• apuntalar v.

• mantener v.

(§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-

fut/c: -tendr-•)

• respaldar v.

• soportar v.

• sostener v.

(§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-

fut/c: -tendr-•)

• sustentar v.

I sə'pɔːrt, sə'pɔːt
transitive verb

1) ( hold up) \<\<bridge/structure\>\> sostener*

the roof is supported by six columns — el tejado descansa sobre or se apoya en seis columnas

the chair couldn't support his weight — la silla no pudo aguantar or resistir su peso

2)

a) (maintain, sustain) \<\<family/children\>\> mantener*, sostener*, sustentar

to support oneself — ganarse la vida or (liter) el sustento

the hospital is supported entirely by private donations — el hospital está enteramente financiado por donaciones de particulares

b) ( Comput) admitir

3)

a) ( back) \<\<cause/motion\>\> apoyar

which team do you support? — ¿de qué equipo eres (hincha)?

I support the Greens — estoy con los verdes

b) ( back up) apoyar

4) ( corroborate) \<\<theory\>\> respaldar, confirmar, sustentar

II

noun

1)

a) c ( of structure) soporte m

b) u ( physical)

the pillars provide the support for the arches — los pilares sirven de apoyo a los arcos

to lean on somebody for support — apoyarse en alguien (para sostenerse)

2)

a) u ( financial) ayuda f (económica), apoyo m (económico)

he has no means of support — no tiene ninguna fuente de ingresos

b) c ( person) sostén m

3) u (backing, encouragement) apoyo m, respaldo m

I've had absolutely no support from you — no me has apoyado en absoluto

I went with her to give her (moral) support — la acompañé para que se sintiera apoyada or respaldada

4) u

a) ( Mil) apoyo m, refuerzo m

b) ( backup) servicio m al cliente

technical/dealer support — servicio técnico/de ventas; (before n) <package, material> adicional, suplementario

5)

in support of — (as prep)

he spoke in support of the motion — habló a favor de or en apoyo de la moción

a demonstration in support of the President — una manifestación de apoyo al presidente

she could produce no evidence in support of her claim — no pudo presentar pruebas en apoyo de su demanda

[sǝ'pɔːt]
1. N

1) (for weight)

a) (=object) soporte m

use the stool as a support for your feet — usa el taburete como soporte para los pies

steel supports — soportes mpl de acero

b) (=capacity to support) soporte m

a good bed should provide adequate support for your back — una buena cama debe ofrecerle un soporte adecuado para su espalda

to lean on sb for support — apoyarse en algn

c) (Med) soporte m

back support — espaldera f

2) (fig)

a) (=help) apoyo m

I've had a lot of support from my family — mi familia me ha apoyado mucho or me ha dado mucho apoyo

she was a real support to her mother — fue un verdadero apoyo para su madre

• to give sb support — dar apoyo a algn, apoyar a algn

• moral support — apoyo moral

b) (=backing) apoyo m

he has given his support to the reform programme — ha apoyado or respaldado el programa de reforma, ha dado su apoyo or respaldo al programa de reforma

do I have I your support in this? — ¿puedo contar con tu apoyo para esto?

our support comes from the workers — los que nos apoyan son los obreros

• their capacity to act in support of their political objectives — su capacidad de actuar en pos de sus objetivos políticos

a campaign in support of these aims — una campaña en apoyo de estos objetivos

he spoke in support of the motion — habló en apoyo de la moción

• popular support — apoyo m popular

c) (financial) ayuda f, respaldo m

financial support — ayuda f económica, respaldo m económico

they depend on him for financial support — económicamente dependen de él

with Government support — con la ayuda del Gobierno, respaldado por el Gobierno

a man with no visible means of support — un hombre sin una fuente de ingresos aparente

d) (esp Comm) (=backup) servicio m de asistencia (al cliente)

• after-sales support — servicio m posventa, asistencia f posventa

• technical support — servicio m de asistencia técnica

e) (Mil) apoyo m

military support — apoyo militar

f) (=evidence)

history offers some support for this view — la historia respalda en cierta medida esta opinión

scholars have found little support for this interpretation — los académicos han encontrado pocas pruebas que apoyen or respalden esta interpretación

in support of this argument he states that... — para apoyar or respaldar este argumento aduce que...

evidence in support of a particular theory — pruebas que confirman una determinada teoría

2. VT

1) (=hold up) sostener

his knees wouldn't support him any more — sus rodillas ya no lo sostenían

that chair won't support your weight — esa silla no resistirá or aguantará tu peso

raise your upper body off the ground, supporting your weight on your arms — apoyándose en los brazos levante el tronco del suelo

to support o.s. — (physically) apoyarse (on en)

2) (=help)

a) (emotionally) apoyar

b) (financially) [+ person] mantener; [+ organization, project] financiar

he has a wife and three children to support — tiene una mujer y tres hijos que mantener

to support o.s. — (financially) ganarse la vida

3) (=back) [+ proposal, project, person] apoyar

his colleagues refused to support him — sus colegas se negaron a apoyarlo

4) (Sport) [+ team]

who do you support? — ¿de qué equipo eres (hincha)?

Tim supports Manchester United — Tim es hincha de Manchester United

come and support your team! — ¡ven a animar a tu equipo!

5) (=corroborate) [+ theory, view] respaldar, confirmar

6) (=sustain)

an environment capable of supporting human life — un medio en que existen las condiciones necesarias para que se desarrolle la vida humana

land so poor that it cannot support a small family — un terreno tan poco fértil que no puede sustentar a una familia pequeña

7) frm (=tolerate) tolerar

8) (Mus) [+ band] actuar de telonero/teloneros de

a good band supported by an exciting new group — un buen grupo con unos teloneros nuevos muy interesantes

9) (Cine, Theat) [+ principal actor] secundar

he is supported by a wonderful cast — está secundado por un estupendo reparto

3.

CPD

support band N — (Mus) teloneros mpl

support group N — grupo m de apoyo

a support group for victims of crime — un grupo de apoyo or una asociación de ayuda a las víctimas de la delincuencia

support hose N — medias fpl de compresión graduada

support network N — red f de apoyo

support ship N — barco m de apoyo

support stocking N — media f de compresión graduada

support tights NPL — medias fpl de compresión (graduada)

support troops NPL — tropas fpl de apoyo

* * *

I [sə'pɔːrt, sə'pɔːt]
transitive verb

1) ( hold up) \<\<bridge/structure\>\> sostener*

the roof is supported by six columns — el tejado descansa sobre or se apoya en seis columnas

the chair couldn't support his weight — la silla no pudo aguantar or resistir su peso

2)

a) (maintain, sustain) \<\<family/children\>\> mantener*, sostener*, sustentar

to support oneself — ganarse la vida or (liter) el sustento

the hospital is supported entirely by private donations — el hospital está enteramente financiado por donaciones de particulares

b) ( Comput) admitir

3)

a) ( back) \<\<cause/motion\>\> apoyar

which team do you support? — ¿de qué equipo eres (hincha)?

I support the Greens — estoy con los verdes

b) ( back up) apoyar

4) ( corroborate) \<\<theory\>\> respaldar, confirmar, sustentar

II

noun

1)

a) c ( of structure) soporte m

b) u ( physical)

the pillars provide the support for the arches — los pilares sirven de apoyo a los arcos

to lean on somebody for support — apoyarse en alguien (para sostenerse)

2)

a) u ( financial) ayuda f (económica), apoyo m (económico)

he has no means of support — no tiene ninguna fuente de ingresos

b) c ( person) sostén m

3) u (backing, encouragement) apoyo m, respaldo m

I've had absolutely no support from you — no me has apoyado en absoluto

I went with her to give her (moral) support — la acompañé para que se sintiera apoyada or respaldada

4) u

a) ( Mil) apoyo m, refuerzo m

b) ( backup) servicio m al cliente

technical/dealer support — servicio técnico/de ventas; (before n) <package, material> adicional, suplementario

5)

in support of — (as prep)

he spoke in support of the motion — habló a favor de or en apoyo de la moción

a demonstration in support of the President — una manifestación de apoyo al presidente

she could produce no evidence in support of her claim — no pudo presentar pruebas en apoyo de su demanda

English-spanish dictionary > support
14 back up

back up

1) (reverse) [ vehicle] fare marcia indietro

2) AE (block) [ drains] ostruirsi; [ traffic] bloccarsi; back [sth.] up, back up [sth.]

3) (support) [facts, evidence] confermare, avvalorare [claims, case, theory]

4) inform. fare il backup di [ data]; back [sb.] up sostenere, dar man forte a [ person]

* * *

1) (to support or encourage: The new evidence backed up my arguments.) sostenere, appoggiare

2) (to make a copy of the information stored on the computer or disk.) fare una copia di riserva

* * *

1. vt + adv

1) (support: person) appoggiare, sostenere, (claim, theory) confermare, avvalorare

she complained, and her colleagues backed her up — ha fatto reclamo e i suoi colleghi l'hanno appoggiata

there's no evidence to back up his theory — non ci sono prove a sostegno della sua teoria

2)

(car) to back the car up — far marcia indietro

3) Comput copiare, fare una copia di riserva di

2. vi + adv

1) (in car) fare marcia indietro

2) (Am: traffic) ingorgarsi

* * *

back up

1) (reverse) [ vehicle] fare marcia indietro

2) AE (block) [ drains] ostruirsi; [ traffic] bloccarsi; back [sth.] up, back up [sth.]

3) (support) [facts, evidence] confermare, avvalorare [claims, case, theory]

4) inform. fare il backup di [ data]; back [sb.] up sostenere, dar man forte a [ person]

English-Italian dictionary > back up
15 Science

   1) Thoughts, Feelings, and Actions of Sentient Beings Are Not a Subject of Science

   It is a common notion, or at least it is implied in many common modes of speech, that the thoughts, feelings, and actions of sentient beings are not a subject of science.... This notion seems to involve some confusion of ideas, which it is necessary to begin by clearing up. Any facts are fitted, in themselves, to be a subject of science, which follow one another according to constant laws; although those laws may not have been discovered, nor even to be discoverable by our existing resources. (Mill, 1900, B. VI, Chap. 3, Sec. 1)

   2) Two Contending But Complementary Philosophies of Science

   One class of natural philosophers has always a tendency to combine the phenomena and to discover their analogies; another class, on the contrary, employs all its efforts in showing the disparities of things. Both tendencies are necessary for the perfection of science, the one for its progress, the other for its correctness. The philosophers of the first of these classes are guided by the sense of unity throughout nature; the philosophers of the second have their minds more directed towards the certainty of our knowledge. The one are absorbed in search of principles, and neglect often the peculiarities, and not seldom the strictness of demonstration; the other consider the science only as the investigation of facts, but in their laudable zeal they often lose sight of the harmony of the whole, which is the character of truth. Those who look for the stamp of divinity on every thing around them, consider the opposite pursuits as ignoble and even as irreligious; while those who are engaged in the search after truth, look upon the other as unphilosophical enthusiasts, and perhaps as phantastical contemners of truth.... This conﬂict of opinions keeps science alive, and promotes it by an oscillatory progress. (Oersted, 1920, p. 352)

   3) The Fundamental Ideas of Science Are Essentially Simple

   Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone. (Einstein & Infeld, 1938, p. 27)

   4) A New Scientific Truth Triumphs Because Its Opponents Eventually Die

   A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. (Planck, 1949, pp. 33-34)

   [Original quotation: "Eine neue wissenschaftliche Wahrheit pﬂegt sich nicht in der Weise durchzusetzen, dass ihre Gegner ueberzeugt werden und sich as belehrt erklaeren, sondern vielmehr dadurch, dass die Gegner allmaehlich aussterben und dass die heranwachsende Generation von vornherein mit der Wahrheit vertraut gemacht ist." (Planck, 1990, p. 15)]

   5) The Search for the Absolute

   I had always looked upon the search for the absolute as the noblest and most worth while task of science. (Planck, 1949, p. 46)

   6) When Your Scientific Doing Is Worthless

   If you cannot-in the long run-tell everyone what you have been doing, your doing has been worthless. (SchroЁdinger, 1951, pp. 7-8)

   7) Description in Plain Language Is a Criterion of Understanding

   Even for the physicist the description in plain language will be a criterion of the degree of understanding that has been reached. (Heisenberg, 1958, p. 168)

   8) The Tentativeness of Scientific Statements

   The old scientific ideal of episteґmeґ-of absolutely certain, demonstrable knowledge-has proved to be an idol. The demand for scientific objectivity makes it inevitable that every scientific statement must remain tentative forever. It may indeed be corroborated, but every corroboration is relative to other statements which, again, are tentative. Only in our subjective experiences of conviction, in our subjective faith, can we be "absolutely certain." (Popper, 1959, p. 280)

   9) Scientists Often Close Their Minds to New Scientific Evidence

   The layman, taught to revere scientists for their absolute respect for the observed facts, and for the judiciously detached and purely provisional manner in which they hold scientific theories (always ready to abandon a theory at the sight of any contradictory evidence) might well have thought that, at Miller's announcement of this overwhelming evidence of a "positive effect" [indicating that the speed of light is not independent from the motion of the observer, as Einstein's theory of relativity demands] in his presidential address to the American Physical Society on December 29th, 1925, his audience would have instantly abandoned the theory of relativity. Or, at the very least, that scientists-wont to look down from the pinnacle of their intellectual humility upon the rest of dogmatic mankind-might suspend judgment in this matter until Miller's results could be accounted for without impairing the theory of relativity. But no: by that time they had so well closed their minds to any suggestion which threatened the new rationality achieved by Einstein's world-picture, that it was almost impossible for them to think again in different terms. Little attention was paid to the experiments, the evidence being set aside in the hope that it would one day turn out to be wrong. (Polanyi, 1958, pp. 12-13)

    10) The Practice of Normal Science

   The practice of normal science depends on the ability, acquired from examplars, to group objects and situations into similarity sets which are primitive in the sense that the grouping is done without an answer to the question, "Similar with respect to what?" (Kuhn, 1970, p. 200)

    11) Of What Science Consists

   Science in general... does not consist in collecting what we already know and arranging it in this or that kind of pattern. It consists in fastening upon something we do not know, and trying to discover it. (Collingwood, 1972, p. 9)

    12) The Emergence of Scientific Fields

   Scientific fields emerge as the concerns of scientists congeal around various phenomena. Sciences are not defined, they are recognized. (Newell, 1973a, p. 1)

    13) We Do Not Take Our Theories Seriously Enough

   This is often the way it is in physics-our mistake is not that we take our theories too seriously, but that we do not take them seriously enough. I do not think it is possible really to understand the successes of science without understanding how hard it is-how easy it is to be led astray, how difficult it is to know at any time what is the next thing to be done. (Weinberg, 1977, p. 49)

    14) Science Takes away Philosophical Foundations

   Science is wonderful at destroying metaphysical answers, but incapable of providing substitute ones. Science takes away foundations without providing a replacement. Whether we want to be there or not, science has put us in a position of having to live without foundations. It was shocking when Nietzsche said this, but today it is commonplace; our historical position-and no end to it is in sight-is that of having to philosophize without "foundations." (Putnam, 1987, p. 29)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Science
16 Psychoanalysis

   1) The Ego Is Not Even Master in Its Own House

   [Psychoanalysis] seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in the mind. (Freud, 1953-1974, Vol. 16, pp. 284-285)

   2) Methodological Problems of Psychoanalysis

   Although in the interview the analyst is supposedly a "passive" auditor of the "free association" narration by the subject, in point of fact the analyst does direct the course of the narrative. This by itself does not necessarily impair the evidential worth of the outcome, for even in the most meticulously conducted laboratory experiment the experimenter intervenes to obtain the data he is after. There is nevertheless the difficulty that in the nature of the case the full extent of the analyst's intervention is not a matter that is open to public scrutiny, so that by and large one has only his own testimony as to what transpires in the consulting room. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that this is not a question about the personal integrity of psychoanalytic practitioners. The point is the fundamental one that no matter how firmly we may resolve to make explicit our biases, no human being is aware of all of them, and that objectivity in science is achieved through the criticism of publicly accessible material by a community of independent inquirers.... Moreover, unless data are obtained under carefully standardized circumstances, or under different circumstances whose dependence on known variables is nevertheless established, even an extensive collection of data is an unreliable basis for inference. To be sure, analysts apparently do attempt to institute standard conditions for the conduct of interviews. But there is not much information available on the extent to which the standardization is actually enforced, or whether it relates to more than what may be superficial matters. (E. Nagel, 1959, pp. 49-50)

   3) No Necessary Incompatibility between Psychoanalysis and Certain Religious Formulations

   here would seem to be no necessary incompatibility between psychoanalysis and those religious formulations which locate God within the self. One could, indeed, argue that Freud's Id (and even more Groddeck's It), the impersonal force within which is both the core of oneself and yet not oneself, and from which in illness one become[s] alienated, is a secular formation of the insight which makes religious people believe in an immanent God. (Ryecroft, 1966, p. 22)

   4) The Problem of Verifying Psychoanalytic Theory

   Freudian analysts emphasized that their theories were constantly verified by their "clinical observations."... It was precisely this fact-that they always fitted, that they were always confirmed-which in the eyes of their admirers constituted the strongest argument in favour of these theories. It began to dawn on me that this apparent strength was in fact their weakness.... It is easy to obtain confirmations or verifications, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmation. (Popper, 1968, pp. 3435)

   5) Psychoanalysis Is Not a Science But Rather the Interpretation of a Narrated History

   Psychoanalysis does not satisfy the standards of the sciences of observation, and the "facts" it deals with are not verifiable by multiple, independent observers.... There are no "facts" nor any observation of "facts" in psychoanalysis but rather the interpretation of a narrated history. (Ricoeur, 1974, p. 186)

   6) Some of the Qualities of a Scientific Approach Are Possessed by Psychoanalysis

   In sum: psychoanalysis is not a science, but it shares some of the qualities associated with a scientific approach-the search for truth, understanding, honesty, openness to the import of the observation and evidence, and a skeptical stance toward authority. (Breger, 1981, p. 50)

   7) Major Attributes of Psychoanalysis

   [Attributes of Psychoanalysis:]

   1. Psychic Determinism. No item in mental life and in conduct and behavior is "accidental"; it is the outcome of antecedent conditions.

   2. Much mental activity and behavior is purposive or goal-directed in character.

   3. Much of mental activity and behavior, and its determinants, is unconscious in character. 4. The early experience of the individual, as a child, is very potent, and tends to be pre-potent over later experience. (Farrell, 1981, p. 25)

   8) The Scientific and Rational Are Not Co- extensive

   Our sceptic may be unwise enough... to maintain that, because analytic theory is unscientific on his criterion, it is not worth discussing. This step is unwise, because it presupposes that, if a study is not scientific on his criterion, it is not a rational enterprise... an elementary and egregious mistake. The scientific and the rational are not co-extensive. Scientific work is only one form that rational inquiry can take: there are many others. (Farrell, 1981, p. 46)

   9) The Validity of Psychoanalytic Therapy

   Psychoanalysts have tended to write as though the term analysis spoke for itself, as if the statement "analysis revealed" or "it was analyzed as" preceding a clinical assertion was sufficient to establish the validity of what was being reported. An outsider might easily get the impression from reading the psychoanalytic literature that some standardized, generally accepted procedure existed for both inference and evidence. Instead, exactly the opposite has been true. Clinical material in the hands of one analyst can lead to totally different "findings" in the hands of another. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 128)

    10) The Issues of Inference and Evidence in Psychoanalysis

   The analytic process-the means by which we arrive at psychoanalytic understanding-has been largely neglected and is poorly understood, and there has been comparatively little interest in the issues of inference and evidence. Indeed, psychoanalysts as a group have not recognized the importance of being bound by scientific constraints. They do not seem to understand that a possibility is only that-a possibility-and that innumerable ways may exist to explain the same data. Psychoanalysts all too often do not seem to distinguish hypotheses from facts, nor do they seem to understand that hypotheses must be tested in some way, that criteria for evidence must exist, and that any given test for any hypothesis must allow for the full range of substantiation/refutation. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 129)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychoanalysis
17 proof

1. noun
1) (fact, evidence) Beweis, der

very good proof — sehr gute Beweise

proof positive — eindeutige Beweise

2) no pl., no indef. art. (Law) Beweismaterial, das

3) no pl. (proving)

in proof of — zum Beweis (+ Gen.)

4) no pl. (test, trial) Beweis, der

put a theory to the proof — eine Theorie unter Beweis stellen

the proof of the pudding is in the eating — (prov.) Probieren geht über Studieren (Spr.)

5) no pl., no art. (standard of strength) Proof o. Art.

100 proof — (Brit.)

128 proof — (Amer.) 64 Vol.-% Alkohol

6) (Printing) Abzug, der
2. adjective
1) (impervious)

be proof against something — unempfindlich gegen etwas sein; (fig.) gegen etwas immun sein

2) in comb. [kugel-, bruch-, einbruch-, diebes-, idioten]sicher; [schall-, wasser]dicht

flame-proof — nicht brennbar

3) hochprozentig [Alkohol]

this liqueur is 67.4° — (Brit.) or (Amer.)

76.8° proof — dieser Likör hat 38,4 Vol.-% Alkohol
3. transitive verb
(Printing) (take proof of) andrucken; (proof-read) Korrektur lesen

* * *
[pru:f]
noun

1) ((a piece of) evidence, information etc that shows definitely that something is true: We still have no proof that he is innocent.) der Beweis

2) (a first copy of a printed sheet, that can be corrected before the final printing: She was correcting the proofs of her novel.) die Korrekturfahne

3) (in photography, the first print from a negative.) der Probeabzug

•

- academic.ru/114914/-proof">-proof

* * *

proof

[pru:f]

I. n

1. no pl (confirmation) Beweis m (of für + akk)

to have \proof of sth einen Beweis für etw akk haben, etw beweisen können

\proof of delivery Liefernachweis m

\proof sample TECH Belegmuster nt

\proof of purchase Kaufbeleg m, Quittung f SCHWEIZ, ÖSTERR

the burden of \proof LAW die Beweislast

2. (piece of evidence) Beweis m

\proofs of sb's guilt Beweise für jds Schuld

3. (proving argument) Beweis m (of/for für + akk)

4. TYPO (trial impression) Korrekturfahne f; PHOT Probeabzug m

5. MATH Beweis m

6. no pl (degree of strength) Volumenprozent nt, Vol.-% nt; of alcohol Alkoholgehalt m

7. ECON

\proof of debt Anmeldung f einer Konkursorderung

8.

▶ the \proof of the pudding is in the eating ( prov) Probieren geht über Studieren prov

▶ to put sth/sb to the \proof etw/jdn auf die Probe stellen

II. adj inv

▪ to be \proof against sth gegen etw akk unempfindlich [o geh gefeit] sein

to be \proof against temptation gegen Versuchungen immun sein

\proof against wind and weather wetterfest

to be \proof against burglars einbruchssicher sein

III. vt

▪ to \proof sth

1. (treat) etw imprägnieren; (make waterproof) etw wasserdicht machen

2. TYPO (proofread) etw Korrektur lesen

3. (rise) dough etw gehen lassen

4. TYPO, PUBL einen Korrekturabzug von etw dat anfertigen

* * *
[pruːf]
1. n

1) Beweis m (of für)

you'll need more proof than that — die Beweise reichen nicht aus

as proof of — als or zum Beweis für

to put sth to the proof — etw auf die Probe stellen; (Tech) etw erproben

that is proof that... — das ist der Beweis dafür, dass...

to give or show proof of sth — etw nachweisen, den Nachweis für etw liefern

can you give us any proof of that? — können Sie (uns) dafür Beweise liefern?

show me your proof — beweisen Sie (mir) das

what proof is there that he meant it? — und was beweist, dass er es ernst gemeint hat?

2) (= test, trial) Probe f

withstanding these conditions is the proof of a good paint — es ist der Beweis für die Qualität einer Farbe, wenn sie solchen Bedingungen standhält

the proof of the pudding is in the eating (Prov) — Probieren or probieren geht über Studieren or studieren (Prov)

3) (TYP) (Korrektur)fahne f; (PHOT) Probeabzug m

4) (of alcohol) Alkoholgehalt m

70% proof — ≈ 40 Vol-%

2. adj
(= resistant)
to be proof against fire/bullets — feuersicher/kugelsicher sein

to be proof against water — wasserdicht sein

proof against inflation — inflationssicher

3. vt

1) (against water) imprägnieren

2) (TYP) (= make proof) einen Korrekturabzug herstellen; (= read proof) Korrektur lesen

* * *

proof [pruːf]

A adj

1. (wasser- etc) dicht, (-)undurchlässig, (hitze) beständig, (kugel) sicher:

proof against rain regenfest, -dicht

2. gefeit, gewappnet, immun ( alle:

against gegen):

they are proof against such weather ein solches Wetter kann ihnen nichts anhaben

3. unzugänglich (auch fig):

proof against bribes unbestechlich;

proof against entreaties unerbittlich

4. Probe…, Prüf…:

proof load Probebelastung f;

proof stress Prüfspannung f

5. CHEM probehaltig, normalstark (alkoholische Flüssigkeit)

6. US Feingold oder -silber betreffend, das die Münzämter der USA als Standard benutzen

B s

1. Beweis m, Nachweis m:

in proof of … zum oder als Beweis (gen);

give proof of etwas beweisen, unter Beweis stellen;

proof of age Altersnachweis;

proof of purchase Kaufbeleg m, -nachweis;

proof to the contrary Gegenbeweis

2. JUR Beweis(mittel) m(n oder pl), -stück n, Beleg(e) m(pl)

3. JUR (schriftliche) (Beweis-, Zeugen-)Aussage

4. Probe f ( auch MATH), ( auch TECH Material)Prüfung f:

put to the proof auf die Probe stellen;

the proof of the pudding is in the eating (Sprichwort) Probieren geht über Studieren

5. TYPO

a) Korrekturfahne f, -bogen m

b) Probedruck m, -abzug m ( auch FOTO):

clean proof Revisionsbogen;

foul proof unkorrigierter Abzug;

correct proofs, read proof Korrektur lesen

6. Münzkunde: Probeprägung f

7. a) Normalstärke f (alkoholischer Getränke)

b) Proof n (Maß für den Alkoholgehalt von Getränken)

C v/t

1. → waterproof C

2. → proofread B

* * *
1. noun
1) (fact, evidence) Beweis, der

very good proof — sehr gute Beweise

proof positive — eindeutige Beweise

2) no pl., no indef. art. (Law) Beweismaterial, das

3) no pl. (proving)

in proof of — zum Beweis (+ Gen.)

4) no pl. (test, trial) Beweis, der

put a theory to the proof — eine Theorie unter Beweis stellen

the proof of the pudding is in the eating — (prov.) Probieren geht über Studieren (Spr.)

5) no pl., no art. (standard of strength) Proof o. Art.

100 proof — (Brit.)

128 proof — (Amer.) 64 Vol.-% Alkohol

6) (Printing) Abzug, der
2. adjective
1) (impervious)

be proof against something — unempfindlich gegen etwas sein; (fig.) gegen etwas immun sein

2) in comb. [kugel-, bruch-, einbruch-, diebes-, idioten]sicher; [schall-, wasser]dicht

flame-proof — nicht brennbar

3) hochprozentig [Alkohol]

this liqueur is 67.4° — (Brit.) or (Amer.)

76.8° proof — dieser Likör hat 38,4 Vol.-% Alkohol
3. transitive verb
(Printing) (take proof of) andrucken; (proof-read) Korrektur lesen

* * *

(printing) n.

Abzug ¨-e m.

Korrekturbogen m.

Korrekturfahne f.

Probeabzug m. adj.

beständig adj.

fest adj.

sicher adj.

undurchdringlich adj. n.

Beweis -e m.

Nachweis -e m.

Probe -n f. v.

beständig machen ausdr.

dicht machen ausdr.

imprägnieren v.

English-german dictionary > proof
18 shred

noun

Fetzen, der

not a shred of evidence — keine Spur eines Beweises

tear etc. something to shreds — etwas in Fetzen reißen usw.

tear a theory/an argument to shreds — eine Theorie/eine Argumentation zerpflücken

our clothes were in shreds — unsere Kleidung war zerfetzt

* * *
[ʃred] 1. noun
(a long, narrow strip (especially very small) torn or cut off: The lion tore his coat to shreds; a tiny shred of material.) der Fetzen
2. verb
(to cut or tear into shreds: to shred paper.) zerfetzen

- academic.ru/66978/shredder">shredder

* * *

shred

[ʃred]

I. n

1. usu pl (thin long strip) Streifen m

to leave sb's reputation in \shreds jds Ruf ruinieren

to be in \shreds zerfetzt sein

to rip [or tear] sth to \shreds etw in Fetzen reißen

to tear sb to \shreds ( fig) jdn in Stücke reißen

2. no pl (tiny bit) of hope Funke m

there isn't a \shred of evidence es gibt nicht den geringsten Beweis

without a \shred of clothing on splitter[faser]nackt

every \shred of credibility jedes bisschen Glaubwürdigkeit

II. vt

<- dd->

▪ to \shred sth etw zerkleinern

to \shred a document ein Dokument vernichten [o shredden]

to \shred vegetables Gemüse hacken

III. vi (sl) Ski laufen; (snowboard) snowboarden

* * *
[ʃred]
1. n
(= scrap) Fetzen m; (of paper also) Schnipsel m, Schnippel m (inf); (of vegetable, meat) Stückchen nt; (fig) Spur f; (of truth) Fünkchen nt
shred of cloth — Stoffetzen m

not a shred of evidence — keinerlei Beweis

without a shred of clothing on — splitter(faser)nackt

to be or hang in shreds — zerfetzt sein

her dress hung in shreds — ihr Kleid hing ihr in Fetzen vom Leib

his reputation was in shreds — sein (guter) Ruf war ruiniert

to tear sth to shreds — etw total zerreißen, etw in Stücke reißen; (fig) etw verreißen; argument etw total zerpflücken

to tear sb to shreds (fig) — keinen guten Faden an jdm lassen

2. vt

1) food zerkleinern, schnitzeln; (= grate) carrots raspeln; cabbage hobeln; paper zerstückeln, schnitzeln; (in shredder) schreddern; piece of clothing zerkleinern

2) (= tear) in kleine Stücke reißen; (with claws) zerfetzen

* * *

shred [ʃred]

A s

1. Fetzen m (auch fig), Lappen m:

in shreds in Fetzen;

tear to shreds

a) → B 1 a,

b) fig ein Argument etc zerpflücken, -reißen;

shreds of clouds Wolkenfetzen

2. Schnitzel n/m, Stückchen n

3. Spur f, Fünkchen n:

without a shred of common sense;

not a shred of doubt nicht der leiseste Zweifel;

without a shred of pay ohne auch nur einen Pfennig dafür zu bekommen

B v/t prät und pperf shredded, shred

1. a) zerfetzen, in Fetzen reißen

b) in den Reißwolf geben

2. in (schmale) Streifen schneiden, GASTR auch schnetzeln

C v/i zerreißen, in Fetzen oder Stücke gehen

* * *

noun

Fetzen, der

not a shred of evidence — keine Spur eines Beweises

tear etc. something to shreds — etwas in Fetzen reißen usw.

tear a theory/an argument to shreds — eine Theorie/eine Argumentation zerpflücken

our clothes were in shreds — unsere Kleidung war zerfetzt

* * *

n.

Schnitzel n.

Stückchen n. v.

fetzen v.

zerfetzen v.

English-german dictionary > shred
19 Galilei, Galileo

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

[br]

b. 15 February 1564 Pisa, Italy

d. 8 January 1642 Arcetri, near Florence, Italy

[br]

Italian mathematician, astronomer and physicist who established the principle of the pendulum and was first to exploit the telescope.

[br]

Galileo began studying medicine at the University of Pisa but soon turned to his real interests, mathematics, mechanics and astronomy. He became Professor of Mathematics at Pisa at the age of 25 and three years later moved to Padua. In 1610 he transferred to Florence. While still a student he discovered the isochronous property of the pendulum, probably by timing with his pulse the swings of a hanging lamp during a religious ceremony in Pisa Cathedral. He later designed a pendulum-controlled clock, but it was not constructed until after his death, and then not successfully; the first successful pendulum clock was made by the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens in 1656. Around 1590 Galileo established the laws of motion of falling bodies, by timing rolling balls down inclined planes and not, as was once widely believed, by dropping different weights from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. These and other observations received definitive treatment in his Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienzi attenenti alla, meccanica (Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences…) which was completed in 1634 and first printed in 1638. This work also included Galileo's proof that the path of a projectile was a parabola and, most importantly, the development of the concept of inertia.

In astronomy Galileo adopted the Copernican heliocentric theory of the universe while still in his twenties, but he lacked the evidence to promote it publicly. That evidence came with the invention of the telescope by the Dutch brothers Lippershey. Galileo heard of its invention in 1609 and had his own instrument constructed, with a convex object lens and concave eyepiece, a form which came to be known as the Galilean telescope. Galileo was the first to exploit the telescope successfully with a series of striking astronomical discoveries. He was also the first to publish the results of observations with the telescope, in his Sidereus nuncius (Starry Messenger) of 1610. All the discoveries told against the traditional view of the universe inherited from the ancient Greeks, and one in particular, that of the four satellites in orbit around Jupiter, supported the Copernican theory in that it showed that there could be another centre of motion in the universe besides the Earth: if Jupiter, why not the Sun? Galileo now felt confident enough to advocate the theory, but the advance of new ideas was opposed, not for the first or last time, by established opinion, personified in Galileo's time by the ecclesiastical authorities in Rome. Eventually he was forced to renounce the Copernican theory, at least in public, and turn to less contentious subjects such as the "two new sciences" of his last and most important work.

[br]

Bibliography

1610, Sidereus nuncius (Starry Messenger); translation by A.Van Helden, 1989, Sidereus Nuncius, or the Sidereal Messenger; Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

1623, Il Saggiatore (The Assayer).

1632, Dialogo sopre i due massimi sistemi del mondo, tolemaico e copernicano (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic and Copernican); translation, 1967, Berkeley: University of California Press.

1638, Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienzi attenenti alla

meccanica (Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences…); translation, 1991, Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books (reprint).

Further Reading

G.de Santillana, 1955, The Crime of Galileo, Chicago: University of Chicago Press; also 1958, London: Heinemann.

H.Stillman Drake, 1980, Galileo, Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks. M.Sharratt, 1994, Galileo: Decisive Innovator, Oxford: Blackwell.

J.Reston, 1994, Galileo: A Life, New York: HarperCollins; also 1994, London: Cassell.

A.Fantoli, 1994, Galileo: For Copemicanism and for the Church, trans. G.V.Coyne, South Bend, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Galilei, Galileo
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■ Young, J. Z. (1978). Programs of the brain. New York: Oxford University Press.

■ Ziman, J. (1978). Reliable knowledge: An exploration of the grounds for belief in science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography

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